Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Although either Type 1 or Type 2 herpes simplex virus can cause genital herpes, the Type 1 virus is more commonly linked with cold sores that affect the mouth, lips and face, while Type 2 herpes simplex usually infects the genital region (e.g. vagina, vulva, penis, scrotum or around the anus).

Typically following the initial infection, small painful blisters form and heal over about 10 days. There may also be pain and swelling in the lymph nodes in the groin, and sometimes fever and flu-like symptoms. However, some people have only mild symptoms and are unaware they have been infected.

 

After infection, the herpes simplex virus remains in the body for life. From time-to-time, the virus is reactivated and causes a new outbreak of blisters in the area of skin that was first infected. Recurrences are usually milder than the first infection and may not be recognised as recurrent genital herpes. Reactivation triggers include stress, menstruation, sexual activity or general illness.

Once infected, people with genital herpes continue to shed the herpes simplex virus (be infectious). While more shedding occurs when blisters are present, it can also occur when there are no obvious symptoms. Anti-viral tablets can reduce the severity and frequency of severe recurrent infections, and reduce virus shedding. They do not cure genital herpes, nor completely prevent transmission of the virus.